Urine & Sweat

" Dogs and horses can smell fear in humans. Recent work by Denise Chen (Chen & Haviland-Jones, Physiology and Behaviour 1999; 68: 241-250) has demonstrated the ability of underarm odour to influence mood in others. Karl Grammer, in Vienna, has recently demonstrated that the smell of fear can be detected (by women) in the armpit secretions of people who watched a terrifying film (Ackerl, Atzmueller & Grammer, Neuroendocrinol Lett 2002; 23(2): 79-84). The implication of this work is that a chemical signal is secreted in sweat which communicates the emotion. "

ripped from http://www.cf.ac.uk/biosi/staffinfo/jacob/teaching/sensory/olfact1.html



(8S,9S,10R,13R,14S)-(+)-Androsta-4,16-dien-3-one - "very persistent odor of urine & sweat"

Threshold = 0.98 ppb

Ref: G. Ohloff, B.Maurer, B. Winter & W. Giersch, Structural and Configurational Dependence of the Sensory Process in Steroids, Helv. Chim. Acta, 66, 192-217 (1983); G. Ohloff, Scent & Fragrances, Springer-Verlag (1994), p. 27; John E. Amoore, et. al., Chem. Senses Flavour, 2, 401-425 (1977)